BUS 401 CA MOD 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUS 401 CA MOD 2 - Essay Example Starbucks, being an international firm might consider factors like geographical variances, cultural differences, regulations of host countries, and market conditions as they intend to export the business to foreign regions. According to Pahl (6), selection of business area, scope of business place, ways to attract customers, and speed and accuracy of business moves etc, are the inevitable factors that an international company should take into consideration while planning to expand its business to new regions. As Starbucks had increased its business areas by launching a number of subsidiaries globally it faced the risk of exposure. Eventually, the company reduced its subsidiaries in USA and exported the business to China. The decision was appropriate that made Starbucks coffee one of the most popular coffee brands among the Chinese people (Fowler). Moreover, Starbucks’ downsizing in the USA and the new Chinese focused business brought remarkable changes in their financial reports. â€Å"The company’s net profit for fiscal year 2008 plunge 53 percent from 2007 to 315.5 million US dollars† (China Daily). More than 70% of the Starbucks’ business is spread in China; and subsequently, the lion’s part of its revenue is derived from the same market. Starbucks had its own unique strategy to enter the Chinese market. For instance, they undertook social responsibility programs as one of their entry level tactic including many charitable works favoring Chinese soci ety. Therefore the Chinese government affectionately welcomed Starbucks’ project home. However, the advent of Starbucks caused the peril of several traditional Chinese industries that prompted the government to initiate certain regulations to control Starbuck’s business operation in China. Therefore, Starbucks declared a $5 million educational program for the well being of the new generation. The Starbucks constituted a committee consisting of Starbucks executives and Chinese

The first law of thermodynamics Essay Example for Free

The first law of thermodynamics Essay The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another. This can be illustrated using the example of steam power. Thermal energy is stored in steam. This steam can be used to drive an steam engine which converts this thermal energy in the steam into kinetic energy of the unit (say steam driven train). In thermal power plants, fossil fuel is burnt to produce steam and the thermal energy in the steam then drives the turbine to produced electricity. Thus thermal energy of the steam gets converted into electrical energy. From these two illustrations it becomes obvious that energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can only be converted from one form to another. Three types of non-renewable power plants and the fuel consumed by these power plants are listed below. Fuels cells use the electrons produced in a chemical reactions to produce electricity. One example is Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel cell. In this case Hydrogen is oxidized at anode into hydrogen ions plus electrons and oxygen is reduced at cathode into oxide ions at cathode. Anode and cathode is separated by solid electrolytes and connected by a metallic wire. The electrons move from anode to the cathode through the metallic wire and thus electricity is produced. This is very clean source of electrical energy. Criteria for acceptability of energy alternatives are listed below. Technological feasibility – It should be technologically feasible to convert the energy into usable forms like electricity etc. Abundance – The energy source should be available in abundance. Reliability – The energy source should be reliable. This is particularly relevant for wind energy and solar energy in the regions of unpredictable sky conditions and wind conditions. Capital Expenditure – Generally capital expenditure requirements are high and act as major barrier for exploiting renewable energy sources.

U.S involvement in Bosnia :: essays research papers

The United States Involvement in Bosnia; is it positive or negative. After a lifetime of war in Bosnia, can the United States really offer positive change? To truly get a feel for the conflict in this region we must first look at the long-standing hatred between the occupying ethnic groups: Serbs, Muslims, and Croats. From 1481 to 1903 the Ottoman Empire was the ruling body over the entire Balkan region. By the early nineteen hundreds the Ottoman Empire had collapsed. In 1918, at the end of World War One, Russia annexed the Balkan region renaming it Yugoslavia. In 1919 Joseph Stalin, Communist ruler of Russia and its satellite states (i.e. Yugoslavia), appointed Tito to be the head of Yugoslavia. Tito quickly became an iron fisted and ruthless dictator. The Machiavellian characteristics exhibited by Tito have given all Serbs a reputation as being strong armed and merciless. With Tito’s death in 1991, Yugoslavia collapsed and split into 3 independent states: Bosnia, Herzegovina , and Croatia. In 1994 Slovadon Malosovitch was elected ruler of the Serbian state. Incidents of mass genocide and several other war crimes became regular occurrences under his rule. The Bosnian crisis has shown the world the worst of human nature. On behalf of the United Nations, in an effort to settle the unrest in the Balkan region, The United States became involved in 1995. The United States involvement includes: the commitment of twenty thousand troops, the troop support of legions of tanks and other vehicles, and the â€Å"full support† of the United States Government. Unfortunately this upset the native Bosnian people. So, although the United States feels obligated to help the Bosnian Cause, they may be worsening the situation with their involvement, both there and in the U.S There are two sides to this story. The first is the opinion that the United States should completely withdraw from Bosnia. The other opinion is that the United States should go headlong and give B osnia their full support, and commit more troops and more supplies to the Bosnian Cause. There are some positive things done by the United States in Bosnia. The presence of U.S troops did bring temporary peace to the area. Although the peace is purely an act, it does give leaders time to talk and plan without worrying about their people dying. Also, the United States presence in Bosnia helped to eradicate the most horrific problem in Bosnia, large Serbian concentration camps and mass Albanian genocide.

Work Culture

* Career Interest Profiler, Competencies, and Work Culture Preferences * After completing the Career Interest Profiler, Competencies, and Work Culture Preferences activities I have a better understanding in how I will fit in and how my strengthens can help me be successful in my desired field of study. The Career Interest Profiler activity has determined a good career match would be; a credit analyst, auditor, risk management specialist, and an accountant.Possible degree options that would better fit these potential careers are Bachelor’s of Science in accounting, in business with a concentration in finance, and a Bachelor’s in Science in business with a concentration in global management just to name a few. The competencies activities have revealed my strengths are in Delivering Results, Following Instructions, Coping with Pressure, Organizing, Taking initiative, and finally adhering to Values.The Work Culture Preference activity has determined that my ideal work envir onment would have a very high work load, be a fast moving, demand goals and expectations of high performance, have career advancement, high salaries with rapid promotions and other benefits, career development, and the chance to learn new skills, career would be secure and stable, the company would focus on employment welfare, and have lots of personal development and feedback.A couple possible employers based, on my strengthens determined by the competence activity in relation to the job market research tool are McGladery, PriceWaterHouseCoopers, and Ernst & Young. McGladery, McGladrey LLP is the largest U. S. provider of assurance, tax and consulting services focused on the middle market, with nearly 6,500 professionals and associates in more than 75 offices nationwide.McGladrey is a licensed CPA firm. (www. mcgladery. com/about/about). PriceWatersHouseCoopers, PwC focuses on  audit and assurance,  tax  and  consulting services. Additionally, in the US, PwC concentrates on 16 key industries and provides targeted services that include — but are not limited to —  human resources,deals,  forensics, and  consulting services. We help resolve complex issues and identify opportunities. (www. pwc. om/us) All three of these employers are here in Tucson. McGladery in specific offers a few different internships in different seasons throughout the year, in different fields. These internships are offered to students that have 12-16 months left in obtaining there bachelor’s degree. After some research I believe a career in accounting, risk management, audit planning, and compliance would fit my Work Culture Preferences activity well.

Global Crisis, Recession & Uneven Recovery

Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery by Y. V. Reddy Book Review by Nidhi Choudhari There is enough on this earth to meet the needs of all, but not the greed of all. Mahatma Gandhi Why I picked up Y. V. Reddy’s Book There have been a large number of books published on current global financial crisis therefore; selection of this particular book on the subject requires some reasoning. First, there are not many books written by central bankers on the topic.Central banks have been central in the management of the crisis and therefore, Dr Reddy’s book provides a central banker’s assessment of the crisis and its impact. Second, on personal level, I have worked in RBI between September 2006 and December 2011 and was witness to the measures taken by Reserve Bank before and during the crisis under the able leadership of Dr Y. V. Reddy, the Governor, Reserve Bank of India (2003-2008). Having worked under his visionary leadership, I opted to take his book, â€Å"Glo bal Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery† for review.Third, Dr Reddy led the course of financial pragmatism in times of relentless deregulation and ensured that Indian financial system does not fall into the blind race to bottom in regulation. Finally, having read Dr Reddy’s previous book on the topic viz. â€Å"India and the Global Financial Crisis: Managing Money and Finance†, I was very keen on reading its sequel viz. â€Å"Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery†. For all these reasons, I selected this book and am thankful to Madam Nidhi Sharma for approving this book for review.The reviewed book is a collection of 27 speeches (given in the form of 27 chapters in 5 parts), Dr Reddy delivered at different points of time during and after the crisis. These chapters give a deeper insight into the actions taken by the RBI to mitigate the impact of the crisis in India and how India remained largely unaffected due to adequate regulatory mechanisms. Dr R eddy has also been a member of the Commission of Experts of The President of the UN General Assembly on Reforms of The International Monetary and Financial System popularly known as Stiglitz Commission after its chairman Joseph Stiglitz.He has given several references about the recommendations of this UN Commission in the book. The 19th Chapter in the book is about the UN Commission recommendations about global crisis. Hence, the reader of the book gets an understanding of the global thinking on the crisis and its after effects. What’s there in the Book Economists have compared the current global financial crisis to that of the Great Recession of 1930s. The current crisis has in fact, affected all countries across the world in different degrees and that way, it was truly a global recession.Today, the crisis is over however the recovery has started at different paces in different places. Dr Reddy is of the view that the recovery from the global crisis is going to be prolonged and uneven. The book â€Å"Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery† provides an experienced policymaker’s understanding of the genesis, progression and impact of the financial crisis, and of the lessons it offered. It is written at a time when Indian economy is facing several challenges in terms of slowdown in growth rate, inflation, ballooning fiscal and current account deficit etc.The book contains Dr Reddy’s perspective and analysis of the crisis, recession and recovery in a simple, lucid and non-technical manner which appeals the reader. There are five sections in the book containing 27 chapters in all. The five sections relate to the global financial crisis and its aftermath, financial sector: retrospect and prospects, public policy: challenges and responses, global financial architecture: the debates and India: performance and prospects respectively. The first section of the book gives a lucid account of the financial crisis and its consequences in si x chapters.In the first chapter, Dr Reddy talks about the role played by central banks before, during and after the crisis. He writes that the accountability in regard to management of the crisis of the crisis will have to be shared between the central bank, the Ministry of Finance and, to some extent, the government as a whole. The author writes about the consequences of the crisis viz. rebalancing of power between the regulator and the regulated, shift in balance of in favour of Asia, rise of G-20 on the global platform and a cautious approach towards self-correcting efficiency of markets etc.Explanations with regard to the causes of the global financial crisis and an overview of the prolonged extensive excesses that acted synchronically to cause the global crisis are discussed in detail. The second section of the book focuses on the future of the financial sector with some cautious remarks about uncertain recovery and prospects for the futures. The author highlights the role of f inancial regulation in developing countries. Dr Reddy writes that â€Å"the causes and crossborder transmission of the crisis may differ significantly between the advanced as well as between the developing economies. There is a detailed chapter on countercyclical policies adopted by the RBI in the financial sector and also on the proposals for financial sector regulatory reforms from the perspective of developing countries. He discusses the future of globalisation of finance and the global regulation of the financial sector. The last chapter of this section provides a broad framework for global financial regulation. The third section deals with the public policy challenges and responses that emerged during the current global crisis.He has discussed the feasibility of Tobin Tax and Financial Sector Taxation in light of current crisis. Dr Reddy has also thrown light on the developmental dimension of the financial sector, fiscal implications of the global crisis and macroeconomic fram eworks that are emerging for ensuring overall global financial stability. The forth section raises a very important concern of modern times i. e. reform of global financial architecture comprising of the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO. In this section, Dr Reddy has discussed the recommendations of the UN Commission on the global crisis.He has also analysed the G-20 framework and its future prospects. Finally the book focuses on India's performance and prospects; India's experience in regulating the financial sector; and the need for reform in India's financial sector. The author also compares Indian situation with that of Asia and the global economy in terms of resilience and recovery after the crisis. The last chapter in concluding section draws attention to the exit strategies being considered at the global as well as national level by the authorities to revert back to normality.Take Away from the Book As the book is entitled â€Å"Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recoveryâ⠂¬ , the biggest take away after reading of the book would be a clear and better understanding of these three terms viz. (1) Global Crisis, (2) Recession and (3) Uneven Recovery. I personally would like to share my understanding of these three aspects in greater detail with the help of excerpts from the book in the following points: Global Crisis: Reasons, Consequences and Lessons Learnt Several reasons have been cited for the recent crisis viz. ailure of state, market, governance, intellect and morality. Dr Reddy writes, â€Å"The current global crisis originated in multiple causes that reinforced each other. Extensive excesses on several fronts, which occurred in a synchronised fashion, precipitated the crisis. These excesses were observed in liquidity, macroeconomic imbalances, focus on inflation, inequalities, financialisation, leverage, risk-taking, deregulation, financial innovation, networking, greed, globalisation and concentration. 1 While discussing the moral aspect of g lobal crisis, Dr Reddy writes, â€Å"†¦ the large sections of society favoured individualism, narrowly emphasising value for money as consumers and returns on money as investors over other aspects of social behaviour, such as being good citizen or extending corporate loyalty to the institution. †2 Dr Reddy discusses the race to bottom in regulation of financial sector as one of the most crucial reason for the global financial crisis.He writes, â€Å"†¦the excesses in financial sector occurred under a benign public policy that believed the costs of regulation to be greater than its benefits†¦ Even the existing regulation was stymied by excessive innovations in finance that aimed to avoid the prescribed regulatory capital, and injected complexity to undermine the rules of transparency prescribed by regulators. †3 As far as consequences of the crisis are concerned, Dr Reddy is of the view that the current crisis will result in rebalancing of ideological, in stitutional and operational functioning of states and 1 2Page 46, Chapter 3 Page 43, Chapter 2 3 Page 59, Chapter 4 markets. He writes, â€Å"â€Å"In recent years, there has been an almost irrefutable presumption in favour of markets and this may be replaced with a refutable presumption in favour of the markets. †4 As a result of the crisis, the irrefutable support for unfettered markets stands discredited and so also the belief that the growth of the financial sector leads to economic development. Also, the crisis has added to the objectives of central banks an additional responsibility i. e. inancial stability. The RBI has also taken it to its objectives alongwith growth and price stability. The author calls for redefining the core banking and recommends treatment of commercial banking as a public utility. He writes, â€Å"†¦universal banking will be de-emphasised and narrow banking, in the sense of banks concentrating on core commercial banking or deposits and lend ing will be emphasised†¦ In brief, commercial banking is likely to be closer to a public utility than before, and hence subject to regulations akin to public utilities. 5 He further stresses, â€Å"It should be recognised that there will be no banks if there are no depositors. †6 As regards lessons from the crisis, Dr Reddy suggests that â€Å"†¦improving transparency and regulatory oversight of hedge funds, credit rating agencies and over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives should become a priority in the light of the experience from the crisis. †7 Interestingly, the author suggests in the light of observations of the Warwick Commission Report that the scope for and desirability of an ‘unlevelled’ playing field as an instrument of financial sector regulation ought to be explored. As a thinker and an oracle who sees the future of financial sector with great precision, he writes, â€Å"†¦the crisis is global; actions are national; benefits could b e selective or universal; but burdens in the future may have to be largely borne by the masses who bear no responsibility for the crisis, and those who did not benefit materially from the events that led the crisis. †9 Recession In Chapter 6, the author discusses the Great Recession of 2009 in detail and thereafter as per the demand of the subject.He clarifies the concepts of depression, recession and slowdown. A slowdown is a clear fall in the growth of an economy. It is usually a short-term phenomenon lasting say a quarter or a year. The author defines slowdown as a drop in the growth rate by one percentage point. To him, recession refers to a sustained decline in the overall economic activity for a period of more than one year. Depression lasts longer than recession and refers to a longer and larger decline in business activity, mainly reflected in huge drop in output and unemployment. 4 5Page 28, Chapter 1 Page 78, Chapter 5 6 Page 217, Chapter 14 7 Page 172, Chapter 12 8 Page 157, Chapter 10 9 Page 63, Chapter 4 Uneven Recovery If the Great Recession was uneven, so is the recovery. 10 Dr Reddy discusses several responses to the crisis at different points in several chapters. He writes in Chapter 4, â€Å"Initially, the response of monetary authorities, followed by fiscal measures, was confined to the US, UK, Switzerland, other European countries, and Japan, but it was soon realised that it was necessary to involve other countries as well in globally coordinated actions. The author has discussed five possible patterns that could be followed by the countries in their course of recovery. The highly resilient economies may observe rapid recovery from the crisis while less resilient economies would require a longer time to adjust to the new realities and ensure real recovery. Some economies may suffer from double dip recession before complete recovery while some other countries may prefer taking structural measures over a prolonged period thereby opting for a slow but positive recovery after recession.Some countries may register a low level of economic activity for a prolonged period and therefore suffer from recession for a much longer period than the rest of the world. Critique of the Book I consider myself too small to write a critique of the book written by Y. V. Reddy; however, as a reader of global crisis literature I have observed a few points which I will share with the readers of this book review.This book being written by a Central Banker is largely concerned with central bank’s role in dealing with such crisis and redefining of the role of central banks in the wake of need for financial stability. In this pursuit, the role of government in dealing with such crisis has been ignored to some extent. Similarly, the book was published in the year 2011 when a number of countries in Europe were facing sovereign debt crisis however, only a passing reference is made to such an important global event which has pushed many countries in double dip recession.Apart from this, the book is worth reading by all economics lovers and also all policy makers as it gives a deeper insight into the global crisis, recession and recovery. To sum up, I would prefer to quote Sir Howard Davies, Director London School of Economics who applauds the book in the following words, â€Å"Dr Reddy’s (book) fills an important gap†¦ He has lived at the heart of financial system and understands its strengths and weaknesses†¦ His analysis of the problems of the global financial architecture is particularly acute. † 10 Page 93, Chapter 6

Infographic 5 Social Media Tips for Authors

Infographic 5 Social Media Tips for Authors Infographic: 5 Actionable Social Media Tips for Authors Social media is the key to every self-publisher’s dream when it comes to marketing. Though complex, it’s the foreground to any successful book marketing strategy†¦ and it’s free! Being a self-published author means creating great content, but does it also mean you need to be an expert marketer? Thanks to the social web, no–though it certainly pays to be informed.We know engaging thousands of people on social media can feel like working in a black hole, but we’ve curated a list of actionable social media tips authors can utilize to market their books and themselves on social media without wasting time, breaking the bank, or turning into an angry-aggressive marketer who’s forgotten what their real job and passion is: writing.Tip #4. Stay optimistic or stay quietBeing a self-published author means you’re a professional; even though you may be accustomed to sharing personal opinions and experiences on your social media pages and comme nts, disassemble your internet armour and ignore the anti-fan comments. If you want a good counter-example, you can check this author’s reaction to a (slightly satirical) review of his book.Critique and criticism is inevitable. You will be much more appreciated as an author if you take reader feedback with a grain of salt and move on. Harping on the review will only hinder your credibility in the future and take away from the time you could have spent improving and creating content. If the same person keeps attacking your social media accounts, it’s perfectly acceptable to block them.Tip #5. Hashtags are your #friendsHashtags help categorize the rush of content constantly being posted by working as searchable tags and keywords. They’re a great feature to assist you in developing your online presence and reaching out to your audience. If used correctly, hashtags can connect you with readers all over the internet. If used incorrectly, they just clutter all of your wonderful content.Deciding which hashtags to use is one thing, but use too many, and your posts will look like spam. Search for hashtags like #amwriting, #amediting and #fridayreads to engage in community-wide topical posts, and don’t forget generic hashtags like #author, #pubtip, #writelife, #SFF, #YA, etc.Successful social media marketing really does just take time and patience–along with dedication, consistency, and a commitment to making your interactions personal. There is a very fine line between marketing yourself and harassing your readers, so make sure you fall on the right side of the fence by being transparent, friendly and personable. Who knows? You might just find that making friends online is just as fun as meeting people face-to-face!If you liked the post, do us a favour, and tweet the infographic! Just click here for that.How do you use social media as an author? Do you have any other tips to share with us?

6 Ways Nurses Can Stay Healthy During Flu Season

6 Ways Nurses Can Stay Healthy During Flu Season Chances are, the hospital or facility you work at requires you to get your flu shot. But sometimes even that is not enough. Here are 6 more preventative measures you can take to protect yourself from getting sick this season. 1. Treat Your Body Like a TempleJunk food is not your friend. Red Bull and french fries and Snickers bars might get you through a shift, but they won’t get you through flu season. Try and eat healthier (and make sure to include fruits and vegetables!) so your body gets the vitamins and minerals it needs to fight things off. And stay hydrated!2. Get Some SleepYou’re working overtime and the time off you do have is full of holiday activity. Make sure to rest as much and as well as you can so you don’t have to lose work time or play time.3. Be Travel SmartStay hydrated and boost your vitamin intake. Carry Airborne or Zicam or Emergen-C and a packet of sanitizing wipes on planes and trains and buses so you don’t pick up any germs.4. Be Vi gilantStart to get a sniffle or a sneeze? Feel a little achy? Stop what you’re doing and take care of yourself. Take your vitamins, get some rest, drink lots of fluids. Use hand sanitizer often. Get a humidifier. If you’re proactive enough, you can head the flu off at the start.5. Get CleanClean your kitchen and bathroom regularly. But don’t forget to also sanatize the things you carry with you, like your cell phone or your keys. A few disinfectant wipes will do a lot of good in fending off the army of germs. And if you do get sick, remember to change your toothbrush.6. Be an EnforcerYou’re a nurse, so you’re a hand washing and sanitizing pro. But the rest of your family probably isn’t. Get on your soapbox and make sure everyone you love is following the same guidelines. No sick people preparing food! Use tissues to sneeze! Wash hands after coughing! Protect your loved ones and protect yourself.

Coursework Writing Help

Coursework Writing Help Coursework Writing Help Whether or not your lecturer sets an English courseworktopic, you will need to generate a context or background for it. However, this is not necessarily your starting point for coursework writing. But without knowing the context in which you want to set your coursework writing it is even harder to write the opening paragraph. You may delve into books and papers to set the coursework writing context, gather research data and look for government reports to build up a background picture. Sometimes, this is a matter of defining the limitations of your college coursework topic or defining the key terms. English college coursework needs to be set within certain understandable parameters and taking into account the previous coursework writing on the subject, if there is any. You will find it a good idea to compare conflicting views. You cannot make your points ignoring research or literature in the field if it is relevant. That is why data gathering is necessary for college coursework writi ng: The context may be discovered in the result of asking questions like these: Does the context have a history to it? Does the context contain a particular problem? Does the context, for example, concern a law, principle or policy? What is essential for the reader to understand my purpose? What reading do I need to do to build the context? If I'm looking for evidence to set the context, where can it be found? When does the background material become irrelevant? Who has expressed conflicting views? What issues might be included to set the context? One of the most frequently reported effects of reading and researching forwriting courseworkis the stage when students are totally confused by random and conflicting material they have read. They might be able to set the context for their further coursework writing, but where do they go from there? Do they write six major points down and expand on them while writing English coursework? Coursework Help Is it hard to write a religious coursework? The main source of difficulty in setting a context is that you are likely to describe the context rather than weave it in with your coursework introductory issues. Description written in the coursework can be dismally boring to read unless something of interest relieves the gloom. Interesting course works are written by writers working at .com. We are able to impress you with the depth of research and interesting information. Every coursework we deliver is custom written. It means that you receive custom essay written from scratch and in accordance to instruction. Read also: Term Papers for Sale Term Paper Writing Islamic Religion Term Paper Education Term Paper College Term Paper

Harmonious Family Relationships Between Parent and Child Essay - 1

Harmonious Family Relationships Between Parent and Child - Essay Example To recover damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must prove that: (1) the defendant acted intentionally or recklessly; (2) the conduct was extreme and outrageous; (3) the actions of the defendant caused the plaintiff emotional distress; and (4) the resulting emotional distress was severe. A Claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress cannot be maintained when the risk that emotional distress will result is merely incidental to the commission of some other tort; accordingly, claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress will not lie if emotional distress is not the intended or primary consequence of the defendant's conduct. Id. The tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress simply has no application when the actor intends to invade some other legally protected interest, even if emotional distress results. Restatement (Second) of Torts,  § 46. Actionable nuisance is divided into three classifications: negligent invasion of another's interests, intentional invasion of another's interests, and other conduct, culpable because abnormal and out of place in its surroundings, that invades another's interests. Personal integrity and includes not only physical invasion of a person's property but also eavesdropping upon private conversations by wiretapping, microphones or spying into windows of a home. Section 822, Restatement, Torts (1939), reads: â€Å"The actor is liable in an action for damages for a non-trespassory invasion of another's interest in the private use and enjoyment of land if, (a) the other has property rights and privileges in respect to the use or enjoyment interfered with.

Global warming by human caused Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global warming by human caused - Essay Example In addition to this, several non-human activities, such as variation in the orbit of earth around the sun, rapid changes in atmospheric composition, volcanic eruptions and solar luminosity are also responsible for the global climate change. Global climate change has become one of the most challenging and critical issue that is affecting ecological and environmental balance of the globe. It is difficult to justify the major responsible reasons behind this global warming. Several scientists have argued that human beings’ unethical activities are responsible for this issue. On the other hand, some of the scientists around the globe are trying to illustrate that volatile change in natural and environmental structure is causing rapid global climate change. The essay will provide an argument on the topic i.e. â€Å"Can the humans be held responsible for global warming?† Major Reasons behind Global Warming There are several reasons behind the climate and temperature change in the earth’s surface. The part of the essay will provide an argument about the real causes behind the global warming and rapid global; climate change. Non-Human Reasons The temperature of the earth depends upon the balance between the planet’s system and energy entering. When the energy from sun is absorbed, earth warms. On the other hand, when the energy of the sun is reflected back then the earth generally avoids warming. There are several non-human reasons that are affecting the global temperature. Green house effects, variation in the energy of sun and change in earth’s surface as well as atmospheric reflectivity are the factors responsible for global warming. Several scientists pieced a picture of the climate, dating back thousands of years through the analysis of various indirect measures like tree rings, glacier lengths, ice cores, and ocean sediments, changes in the orbit of earth and pollen remains. The valuable historical record shows that the global cl imate system varies naturally (Lawson 22). The output of the sun shows narrow variations over the course of a particular 11 year time cycle. These cyclic changes effectively correlate with the frequency and number of sun spot. It is known as solar cycle. This solar spot is growing slowly and gradually. However, the rapid increase of solar spot is affecting global climate. The climate is getting hotter and hotter due to this reason. On the other hand, position of the earth with respect to the sun slightly varied over a longer period of time due to the change in orbit of earth. However, this frequent change is termed as Milankovitch cycle (Shrivastava 109). According to the view of several scientists, these changes are major culprits for the global climate change since the Ice Age of earth. These changes have limited impact on the global temperature and climate change for a shorter time cycle. These changes have occurred slowly and gradually. This Milankovitch change has impacted the global climate and earth surface’s temperature. It has resulted in long-term climate and temperature fluctuations. Water vapor is considered as the most abundant green house gas in the atmosphere of earth although the changes in the water vapor’s concentration are generally the result of temperature changes. Consequently, this water vapor can significantly act as the part of feedback loop (Arnold 272). In the feedback loop, the increase in temperature typically triggers an effective increase in the evaporation of the water. The

Specific Background Information in Relation to AIDS Research Paper

Specific Background Information in Relation to AIDS - Research Paper Example Specifically with Australia, it is officially known that â€Å"from the start of the epidemic until the end of 2009, there have been 29,395 diagnoses of HIV and 10,446 diagnoses of AIDS. Australia has recorded 6,776 AIDS deaths† (AVERT, 2010). In terms of AIDS, the country has recorded downward infection rates since 2005 from 234 to 90 in 2009. However with new HIV infections, there has been rising new prevalence and infection rate since the same period of time. This is an alarming situation. The graph below represents data on new HIV and AIDS infection rates for Australia for a decade from 1999 to 2009. Source: AVERT (2010). Australia HIV & AIDS Statistics From the graph, it can be seen that the new infections of HIV generally rise whiles that of AIDS generally decrease. The truth however is that all people having HIV will eventually contract AIDS and so if there is something to be worried about most, it should be the new HIV, which unfortunately keeps going up. Statement of Problem The present problem for which a strategy needs to be developed is the seemingly low level of awareness on the risk factors associated with the HIV disease and how the key risks associated with the disease can be prevented or minimized. Lately, there is a globally low trend on the campaign against HIV because of the general downward infection rates recorded of late. AVERT (2010) notes that â€Å"the number of deaths probably peaked around 2004, and due to the expansion of antiretroviral therapy, declined by 19 percent between 2004 and 2009.† Because of this trend, governments, non-governmental agencies and other organized bodies that formally championed the campaign on HIV all seem to have coiled back into their shells. It is said to note that there continue to be low budgets allocated to HIV awareness programs because of the general assurance that the infection rate of HIV is going down. One very important factor that stakeholders who seem to be relaxing on their effo rts seem to be forgetting is the fact that low infection rates is not equal to zero infection rate. It is not as if HIV no longer affects new casualties. Sight must not even be lost of the fact that HIV continues to remain a non-curative disease and a disease that is still rated as an epidemic. Presently, there is no continent or country that has a zero infection rate. For this reason, there is a major problem of reduced awareness and thus the need to strategies means of uplifting the once vibrant campaign against HIV and AIDS infections in the country. Questions Motivating Research for Devising the Strategy The conduct of this research shall pivot around a number of questions. These questions are worth stating because they are going to serve as delimitations to the researcher in defining the kind of information to look out for and which information to leave out of the research. The questions are again worth stating because they will guide the researcher in knowing exactly what the research work seeks to achieve and scope that the research work may not deal with. The questions that are going to guide the conduct of the research and device of the strategy are therefore given as followers: 1. What is the global infection rate of

Forms and Theories of Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forms and Theories of Government - Essay Example This is done to have an equitable distribution of property while still giving some economic freedom to the citizens3. Norway is a good example of such a form of government. A republic form of government is one which is led by the representatives of the voters. Each representative is chosen for a set period of time. The management of affairs is open to all citizens. An example of a republic is the United States of America. A dictatorship is a form of government which is autocratic and involves a single leader who is not an elected representative and often uses force to keep power. In a military dictatorship, the army keeps control. Iraq is an example of a dictatorship5. Tyranny is similar concept where the all power is vested in one single ruler who is often harsh, unjust and oppressive. A totalitarian government is the rule of a single political party over all public and private sectors. Such a political system has no limits to its authority and there is use of force and restrictions to ensure obedience6. China is an example of such a state. Anarchy is a state of affairs where there is no proper government or political system in place. This often happens after a civil war where the existing government is destroyed and rival groups fight to take control. Such a situation is present in Afghanistan where there is little writ of the state over its citizens. The United States of America is a constitution-based federal republic with a democratic convention. This means that it is a government which is ruled by representative of the citizen body. In this political system, sovereignty lies with the people who elect their representatives to run the affairs of the state. This is very different from a dictatorship, tyranny, anarchist and totalitarian regimes where there is often abuse of power and the people have little say in who is to run the nation. The person or small bodies in power are not there

Definition of ecotourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Definition of ecotourism - Essay Example Throughout history people has always been travelling for one reason or another. As persons began to travel for leisure the development of tourism became an important aspect especially for countries and regions that were scarce of other types of natural resources. Ecotourism which started as a type of niche market now has a strong foothold in the tourist industry in many countries across the globe. With tourism now a major industry in many countries of the world, especially in developing countries, ecotourism has taken a major step in the way many of these locations present themselves and advertise to travelers. For the whole society to benefit it is important for the developers and leaders to adhere to a number of principles. According to TIES these principles should be: Creating opportunities for the growth of ecotourism should not be a political aim if serious concerns are not given to the preservation and conservation of the natural environment. Since the last century successive governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as several pressure groups have been agitating for policy changes which would impact the environment with relation to global warming among other concerns. Lindberg (in Fennel, 2003: 35) categorized eco-tourists into four basic groups. The first group includes hard-core nature tourists. This group mostly comprises scientists, researchers whose travel is mainly for educational purposes and carrying out some environmental activities like removing garbage and litter from beaches. The second group is described as the dedicated nature tourists. Their specific reason for traveling is to visit protected areas and understand local natural and cultural history. Then, there is the mainstream nature tourists. These persons will sometimes take unusual trips to places like the Amazon rainforest, games reserves and parks in Africa among other destinations. The

Forms and Theories of Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forms and Theories of Government - Essay Example This is done to have an equitable distribution of property while still giving some economic freedom to the citizens3. Norway is a good example of such a form of government. A republic form of government is one which is led by the representatives of the voters. Each representative is chosen for a set period of time. The management of affairs is open to all citizens. An example of a republic is the United States of America. A dictatorship is a form of government which is autocratic and involves a single leader who is not an elected representative and often uses force to keep power. In a military dictatorship, the army keeps control. Iraq is an example of a dictatorship5. Tyranny is similar concept where the all power is vested in one single ruler who is often harsh, unjust and oppressive. A totalitarian government is the rule of a single political party over all public and private sectors. Such a political system has no limits to its authority and there is use of force and restrictions to ensure obedience6. China is an example of such a state. Anarchy is a state of affairs where there is no proper government or political system in place. This often happens after a civil war where the existing government is destroyed and rival groups fight to take control. Such a situation is present in Afghanistan where there is little writ of the state over its citizens. The United States of America is a constitution-based federal republic with a democratic convention. This means that it is a government which is ruled by representative of the citizen body. In this political system, sovereignty lies with the people who elect their representatives to run the affairs of the state. This is very different from a dictatorship, tyranny, anarchist and totalitarian regimes where there is often abuse of power and the people have little say in who is to run the nation. The person or small bodies in power are not there

Advertising PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising - PowerPoint Presentation Example Total investment in advertising media has been forecasted to be USD 558.4 billion by the year 2016 (Neoadvertising, 2011). There are several challenges that the advertisers face when marketing their products. Advertising is a costly affair and thus it increases the cost of the product. It at times misleads the public and also creates dissatisfaction among them (The Guardian, 2012). Junk food can be referred as an informal expression that is used for food. It does not have much nutritional values. It has been observed that junk foods have negative impacts upon the health of the people (Nawathe & et. al., 2007). Government has stated that the junk food marketers must not advertise their products to the kids because such advertisements may attract the kids and may create harm to their health. Although several efforts are being made to reduce such marketing towards the children, there has been rise in the fast food advertisement aimed towards 2-to-18 years’ old children (Noguchi, 2012). The main marketers that tend to advertise their products to the teens are McDonald’s, KFC, Subway, Domino’s, Taco Bell, Burger King and Dunkin’s Donut. These companies target the teens because they are heavy users of social networking sites, cell phone messages as well as games. Therefore, targeting them becomes easier (Melnick, 2010). The main objective of the advertising done by the fast food marketers is to stimulate brand affinity that begins at early age. Most of the marketers advertise targeting at parents as well with the perception that greater exposure held by parents will lead to more routine fast food dining (Melnick, 2010) It has been noted that in the year 2002, a group of over-weight children filed a complaint against McDonald’s from New York. They stated that certain food products of the company lead to several diseases such as over-weight,

Bosch company part-A project report Essay Example for Free

Bosch company part-A project report Essay 1.1 Autumobile industry The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets and sells the world motor vehicles. In 2008, more than 70 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide. In 2007, a total of 71.9 million new automobile were sold worldwide. Around the word, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007: the burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly especially in India and china. 1.2 INDIA An embryonic automotive industry started in India in the 1940s. However for the next 50 years the growth of the industry was hobbled by the socialist policies and the bureaucratic hurdles of the license. Following, the economic liberalization in India from 1991 and the gradual easing of restrictions on industry, India has seen dynamic 17% annual growth in automobile production and 30% annual growth in export of automotive components and automobiles. India produces around 2 million automobiles currently. Total turnover of the Indian automobile industry is expected to grow from USF 34 billion in 2006 to 122 billion in 2016. Tata Motors has launched Tata Nano, the cheapest car in d world at USD 2200. Indian automotive industry is contributing a significant portion to overall Indians GDP. This sector is growing and promising a lucrative future. Automotive sector also provides wide business and employment opportunities. With the liberalization of economy, the decades old monopolistic environment of the Indian automotive industry where only a handful of vehicle models were available with a long waiting list, gradually gave way to a highly competitive, complex and rapidly changing market which was not limited to domestic market alone. Today the number of vehicle models available are more than hundred and not a month goes without offerings of newer and more advanced mode. Ironically for the Indian automotive industry, the cost of technology  development has increased manifold and increasing product cost has put a squeeze on profit margin affecting their ability to outsource expensive technologies. Moreover, the technologies are not so easily available from outside .Instead of giving a license or setting up joint ventures with an industry, many intentionally renowned automobile manufacturers have started production in India to take advantage of grate commercial opportunities Indian market offer. Even in the existing joint venture, the control has slowing moved into hands of MNCs. Indian automotive industry urgently needs technologies to produce fuel efficient, environmental friendly, lighter, safer and cost competitive engines, and vehicles. Advanced material and manufacturing techniques, technologies for using alternative fuels, emission abatement, fuel economy improvement, safety enhancement, engine management systems, and embedded vehicle control system are some of the areas where we must focus our efforts. 1.3 AT PRESENT, INDIA IS THE WORLD’S †¢Largest tractor and three wheel vehicle producer †¢Second largest two wheel vehicle producer †¢Fourth largest commercial vehicle producer †¢Eleventh largest passenger car producer. CHAPTER- 2 COMPANY PROFILE 2.1 BACKGROUND AND INCEPTION OF THE COMPANY BOSCH Group founded in 1886 in Germany as a workshop for precision Mechanics and Electrical engineering by Robert BOSCH Group. The BOSCH Group today is the largest automotive technology supplier in the world with a global group turnover of 47.3 billion Euros in the automotive technology, industrial technology, consumer goods and buildings technology in the fiscal 2010. Robert BOSCH Group GmbH is a widely known company the world over, with presence across six continents. It has more than 300 subsidiaries and regional companies in over 60 countries. If its  sale and service partners are included, then Bosch is represented in roughly 150 countries. Bosch operates 260 manufacturing locations worldwide of these 200 are located outside Germany in Europe, North and South America, Asia, and Australia. The company employs more than 283,500 associates worldwide. The name Bosch is synonymous with innovation in automotive technology, industrial technology and consumer goods and building technology. The company is not just famous for automotive technology products like Gasoline, Chassis systems and Car electronics, it is also a pioneer in the areas of automation technology, metal technology, packaging technology, power tools, heating technology, house hold appliances, car multimedia systems and security systems. In 2010, BOSCH Group filed 3800 patent applications across the globe. The special ownership structure of the BOSCH Group guarantees financial independence and entrepreneurial freedom of the Bosch group, making it possible for the company to plan over the long–term and to undertake significant up front investments in the safeguarding of its future. 92% of the shares capital of Robert Bosch GmbH is held by Robert Bosch sifting GmbH, the charitable foundation. The slogan â€Å"Invented for Life† is part of its long tradition, through which it communicates the Group’s core competencies and vision, that includes technological leadership, modernity, dynamics, and quality and customer orientation. 2.2 ABOUT BOSCH LIMITED Bosch has been present in India for more than 80 years –first via representative office in Calcutta since 1992, and then from 1951 via its subsidiary Bosch Limited (formerly Motor Industries Company Limited) Bosch Limited (then MICO) began operations with a two man team in Chennai; its activities were importing and marketing BOSCH Group automotive products. Soon after the company set up a manufacturing plant for sparkplugs and fuel injection equipment for diesel engines in Bangalore. Bosch Limited today is the country’s largest auto component manufacturer and also one of the largest Indo-German companies in India. The BOSCH Group holds close to 71.18% stake in Bosch Limited. The company is headquartered in Bangalore with manufacturing facilities in Bangalore, Nasik, Naganathapura, Jaipur and recently-opened facility in Goa. The plants are TS 16949 and ISO 14004 Certified. Bosch Limited has its presence across automotive technology, industrial technology and consumer goods and building technology, with strength of over 11,700 associates. The company recorded a turnover of Rs. 6630 crores in 2010. The company has excellent RD and manufacturing capabilities and a strong customer base. Its market leadership is testimony to the high quality and technology of its products. It also has a strong presence in the Indian automotive services sector. Bosch’s service network spans across 1,000 towns and cities with 5000 sales outlets and over 4,000 authorized representatives who ensure widespread availability of both products and services. Bosch Ltd: Bosch is also represented by five other group companies in India. 1.Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solutions Ltd: Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solutions Ltd., a 100% subsidiary of Robert Bosch GmbH, which is present in India since 1998, has emerged as one of the largest Bosch development centres outside Germany. It provides end to end engineering and technology solutions for all the business sectors of automotive technology, industrial technology, consumer goods and building technology. 2.Bosch Rexroth India Ltd: Bosch Rexroth India Ltd., established in 1974 in India, serves customers through its manufacturing facilities and service centres in Ahmadabad and Bangalore. 3.Bosch Chassis Systems India Ltd: Bosch Chassis Systems India Ltd., established in 1982 as Kalyani Brakes Limited in India, is amongst the leading manufactur ¬ers of brakes in the country. It currently manufactures a range of Hydraulic Brake Systems meeting the stringent quality norms of many leading Indian and international vehicle manufacturers. 4.Bosch Automotive Electronics India Private Ltd: Bosch Automotive Electronics India Private Ltd. is a 100%  subsidiary of Bosch Group and is engaged in the manufacture and sale of electronic devices and electronic control units. The Company is based at Naganathapura in Bangalore. 5.Bosch Electrical Drives India Private Ltd: Bosch Electrical Drives India Private Ltd. is a joint venture company. It drives for various automotive applications such as window lift drive, wiper system, engine cooling fans etc. Robert Bosch Worldwide The Bosch Group is one of the world’s biggest private industrial corporations. Headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany, the Bosch Group has some 280,000 Executives worldwide, and generated annual sales revenue of 38.2 billion Euros in 2009. There are about 300 subsidiary and regional companies around the world. History of Bosch †¢1886 Opening of Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering in Stuttgart on 15 November †¢1887 First low-voltage magneto from Bosch for stationary petrol engines †¢1897 First low-voltage magneto ignition for motor vehicle internal combustion engines †¢1901 First plant in Stuttgart †¢1902 First commercially viable high-voltage spark plug †¢1906 Production of 100,000th magneto ignition †¢1906 Introduction of eight-hour working day †¢1910 Opening of plant in Stuttgart-Feuerbach †¢1913 Start of production of headlights †¢1918 American assets seized; later become American Bosch Magneto †¢1926 Start of production of windscreen wipers †¢1927 First diesel fuel injection pump †¢1929 First TV Set from Fernseh AG division †¢1932 Formation of Junkers Co. †¢1932 First power drill from Bosch †¢1932 First Blaupunkt car audio †¢1936 First diesel fuel injection pump for passenger cars, such as the Mercedes-Benz 260D †¢1942 Death of the company founder Robert Bosch on 12 March †¢1962 Worcester Bosch Group opens in England †¢1964 Robert Bosch Foundation †¢1970 Company headquarter moves to Gerlingen †¢1976 First oxygen sensors †¢1978 Worldwide first Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) †¢1979 First electronic engine management system (Motronic) †¢1982 Company acquires photographic equipment division from Braun AG †¢1986 Traction control system (TCS) on the market †¢1995 Acquisition of Atco-Qualcast Ltd †¢1995 First Electronic Stability Control Electronic Stability Program (ESP ®) †¢1997 Common rail diesel fuel injection †¢2000 DI-Motronic gasoline direct injection system †¢2003 Acquisition of Buderus AG †¢2003 Digital car radio with MP3 drive and digital recorder (Blaupunkt) †¢2003 The formation of the Robert Bosch Tool Corporation and acquisition of S-B Power Tool Corporation and Vermont American Corporation including the brand names for Bosch Power Tools, Skill Power Tools, Dremel, Vermont-American, Primark brands, and Gilmours †¢2004 Third-generation common rail diesel injection for cars, with piezo injectors †¢2004 Bosch opens new Technology Center in Abstatt †¢2006 Bosch acquires Telex Communications, a maker of hearing aids, headsets and audio equipment, and partners with Daewoo to build Bosch refrigerators in Mexico †¢2007 The Bosch Communications Systems business unit is created to manage the brands and products of former Telex Communications †¢2008 Tata Nano, the $2,500 Peoples Car powered by Bosch-designed engine is unveiled at Auto Expo in New Delhi. Bosch plans to acquire majority stake in Ersol photovoltaic’s. †¢2009 Bosch acquires LR Nelson, a maker of lawn and garden products, including ponds, and merges the Gilmour’s and Nelson brands into Bosch Garden and Watering. †¢2009 Manufacture of Electronic Control Unit and Anti lock Brake System. †¢2010 Bosch started production of predictive emergency braking system, which alert of emergencies automatically applies brakes if needed †¢2010 Launch of A4000 pump meeting BS3 norms of commercial vehicles in India 2.3 NATURE OF BUSINESS CARRIED Automotive Technology Business divisions: Diesel and Gasoline Fuel Injection Systems, Car Multimedia Systems, Auto Electricals and Accessories, Starters and Generators, Energy and Body Systems. Industrial Technology Business divisions: Packaging Machines, Special Purpose Machines, Solar Energy Consumer Goods and Building Technology Business divisions: Power Tools, Security Systems 2.4 BOSCH VISION Creating Value – Sharing Values As a leading technology and services company, we take advantage of Bosch global opportunities for a strong and meaningful development. Bosch ambition is to enhance the quality of life with solutions that are both innovative and beneficial. We focus on Bosch core competencies in automotive and industrial technologies as well as in products and services for professional and private use. We strive for sustained economic success and a leading market position in all that we do. Entrepreneurial freedom and financial independence allow Bosch actions to be guided by a long-term perspective. In the spirit of Bosch founder, we particularly demonstrate social and environmental responsibility – wherever we do business. Bosch customers choose us for Bosch innovative strength and efficiency, for Bosch reliability and quality of work. Bosch organizational structures, processes, and leadership tools are clear and effective, and support the requirements of Bosch various businesses. We act according to common principles. We are strongly determined to jointly achieve the goals we have agreed upon. As associates worldwide, we feel a special bond in the values we live by – day for day. The diversity of Bosch cultures is a source of additional strength. We experience Bosch task as challenging, we are dedicated to our work, and we are proud to be part of Bosch. 2.4.1 BOSCH MISSION BeQIK – Be Better, Be Bosch – Profit secures our growth †¢Quality †¢Innovation †¢Customer Orientation BeQIK gives us the bearing for our actions. Our objective is to continuously improve all our internal processes – so that growth and economic success can be secured in the long term. BeQIK †¢Quality is our most valued asset †¢Innovation today ensures businesses tomorrow †¢Customer orientation inspires customers and associates BeBetter †¢We want continuous improvement †¢We want to be better than our competitors BeBosch †¢We offer outstanding products and services worldwide †¢We keep our promises 2.4.2 QUALITY POLICY †¢We strive to exceed the expectations of our customers by offering products and services of high quality standards. †¢Quality encompasses our assets throughout their life cycle, and our initiatives towards environmental protection and safety. †¢We effectively deploy methods and told to provide cost effective solutions to meet our quality objectives. †¢We involve our business partners in our endeavor towards improvements across the supply chain. Quality Principles †¢Our goal is to fully satisfy our customer’s expectations through our quality of our products and services. †¢Quality and quality improvements is every associate’s responsibility and ultimate goal from our board of directors to their apprentices. †¢Our directives, processes, systems and goals are based on requirements from international standards, consumer’s expectation, our knowledge and experience. Knowledge of and compliance with  these directives and processes in the foundation of our quality. †¢Quality means doing right in the beginning thus preventing failures in the end. Continues improvements for quality of processes lowers costs and improves productivity. †¢Avoiding failure is more important that eliminating defects. We systematically apply methods and tools, preventive quality assurance systematically, learn from mistakes and prevent their root causes without delays. †¢Our suppliers contribute systematically to the quality of our products and services. Therefore our suppliers have to live up to standards we have adopted. 2.5 PRODUCT/SERVICE PROFILE Product Range A. Automotive Technology – Robert Bosch Diesel Systems †¢Common Rail System for passenger cars, commercial vehicles off-highway vehicles †¢Axial Distribution injection pumps †¢Multi Cylinder Inline Injection Pumps (PE) †¢Single-Cylinder Injection Pumps (PF) †¢Elements †¢Delivery Values (DV) †¢Governors †¢Injection Timers for PE pumps †¢Fuel Filter Water Separators †¢Glow Equipment †¢Electronic Control Unit Gasoline system †¢Electronic Control Unit †¢Fuel Injectors †¢Lambda Sensors †¢Engine Speed Sensors †¢Knock Sensors †¢Hot Film Air Mass Meter †¢Pressure Regulators †¢CVT Belts †¢Connectors other plastic parts Starters Generators (Auto Electrical) †¢Starter Motors †¢Generators Spark Plugs †¢Spark plugs for 2, 3 and 4 wheelers and industrial applications †¢Long Life Plugs :Nickel Yttrium Twin Electrode Test Equipment Diagnostics †¢Fuel Injection Pump Calibration Test Benches †¢Nozzle Tester †¢Auto Electrical Test Bench †¢Diagnostic Tool : KTS series †¢Engine Analyzer : FSA series †¢Engine Analyzer : BEA series †¢Chassis System Check †¢Battery Service Equipment †¢Wide range of service tools for unit vehicle repairs †¢Software / Teach ware : ESI ( tronic ), MSI, K-CD B. Industrial Technology Industrial Equipment †¢Special Purpose Metal Cutting / Grinding / Honing / Lapping/ Super Finishing machines. †¢Semi / Fully Automatic Assembly Machines †¢Semi / Fully Automatic Inspection Measuring Equipment †¢Cleaning Machines †¢Electro-Chemical Machines †¢Tools, Gauges Fixtures †¢Exhaust Gas Re-circulating Unit (EGR) †¢Test Equipment Bosch Packaging Machines †¢Vertical Form Fill Seal Machines †¢Dosing System – Cup Filler, Auger Filler, Weighed Pump †¢Pharmaceutical Packaging Machines †¢Confectionary Processing Packaging Machines C. Consumer Goods Building Technology Bosch Power Tools †¢Construction Tools †¢Wood Working Tools †¢Metal Working Tools †¢Cordless Tools †¢Do- It Yourself Tools †¢Lawn Garden Tools †¢High Pressure Water Jets †¢Specialty Tools †¢Pneumatic Tools †¢High Frequency Tools †¢Automation Technology †¢Accessories for all Tools †¢Fischer Fixing System Bosch Security Systems †¢Fire Detection †¢Intrusion Detection System †¢CCTV Surveillance †¢Access Control †¢Integrated Security Management BIS †¢Public Address Emergency Sound System 2.6 AREA OF OPERATION The Bosch Group is one of the world’s biggest private industrial corporations. Headquartered at Stuttgart, Germany. There are about 300 subsidiary and regional companies around the world. In India, Bosch is a leading supplier of technology and services, and has a strong presence in the country at numerous locations in diverse industry segments. Bosch Limited is India’s largest auto component manufacturer and also one of the largest Indo – German company in India. Bosch Limited has a strong nationwide service network which spans across 1,000 towns and cities with over 4,000 authorized representations to ensure widespread availability of both products and services. The company is headquartered in Bangalore with manufacturing facilities at Bangalore, Naganathapura (near Bangalore), Nasik, Jaipur and Goa. Number of Branches in India Bosch manufacturing facilities are located in Bangalore with state of the art plants in Bangalore, Naganathapura, Nasik, Jaipur and Goa. All the 5 plants are TS 16949 and ISO certified. Bangalore Plant Manufactures multi cylinder, PE pumps, mechanical governors, elements, delivery valves, special purpose machines, packaging machines, power tools and will foray into the production of common rail pumps from 2006 onwards. Built areas 109.948m2 Land area 311.140m2 Employees more than 5500 Nagnathapura Plant RBIN (Bosch Ltd. India) Naganathapura Plant, inaugurated in the year 1990, is the 3rd plant among the 4 plant of RBIN. The plant houses productions hangars for Spark Plugs, Glow Equipment, Starter Motors, Alternators, Regulators and PF Pumps. Portions of the plant are leased out to RBAI and Bosch Training Center. Built area 47.494m2 Land area 266.100m2 Employees more than 1279 Nasik Plant Set up in 1969 is specialized in manufacture of clinical and Euro series of nozzles and injectors to automobile industries recently the Nasik Plant has ventured into the production of CRI ports catapulted by Bosch Endeavour in common rail technology. Built area 67617m Land area 405.060m2 Employees more than 2500 Jaipur Plant Set up in 1999 the Jaipur plant manufactures BE (Mechanical) pumps for domestic market and export purpose. The VE pump (Distributor fuel injection pump) is designed to meet Bharat state 11 Euro 11 emission norms. These pumps are used in 3-6 cylinder vehicles. Built area 16345m2 Land area 202350m2 Employees more than 1200 COUNTRIES COVERED Middle-East and Africa (UAE, EGYPT, KENYA), Neighboring countries (Sri Lanka, Bangladesh,) South East Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia). 2.7 OWNERSHIP PATTERN Since 1964, Bosch’s majority shareholder has been Robert Bosch Stiftung GmbH, a charitable foundation. The Stiftung carries on the charitable and social endeavors of the company’s founder in contemporary form. It sees itself as a foundation that pursues its objectives both with programs and institutions of its own, and by supporting suitable projects and initiatives proposed by others for tackling the tasks faced by society. Today, the Robert Bosch Stiftung, a charitable foundation, holds a 92 percent stake in the share capital of Robert Bosch GmbH. The share dividend received by the foundation is used exclusively for charitable purposes, i.e. to support general medical care, international understanding, social work, training and education. 2.8 COMPETITORS INFORMATION †¢Modi Champion †¢Delphi †¢Denso †¢Doowon †¢Electrex †¢Nippon †¢NGK †¢Siemens VDO †¢Zexel †¢Cav England †¢Lucas †¢TVS 2.9 INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES Bosch infrastructure is one of the best in the country. The individual work place is designed as per the international standards which make the employees feel comfortable, proud, happy and safe. Medical Facilities †¢Medical centre works round the clock and also provides a 24 hours ambulance service †¢The company has also associated with important hospitals, labs and senior medical consultants in the city for the treatment of the employees †¢They are provided with annual master health check-up †¢Special schemes like hospitalization scheme, Manipal hospital scheme and Medical reimbursement scheme are provided to the employees Canteen Facilities †¢Food is provided to all the employees and 24hrs a day providing breakfast, lunch, dinner, tea/coffee and snacks for 8500 employees in 4 shifts. †¢It is well equipped and accommodation for more than 1500 persons at a time †¢The food provided in the organization is 100% hygiene. Workings of the canteen is guided by an advisory committee Transportation Facilities †¢The company provides transport facilities for employees Library Facilities †¢The company has the facility of both general and technical library The general library is used by the project trainees also Other Facilities †¢Sports club †¢Fine Arts Society looks into the cultural events and various programmes conducted during the course of the year. †¢Uniform, shoes, socks and soap is given to employees on the job by Bosch. †¢Accident benefit scheme †¢Holiday homes and time share holidays †¢Vehicle expenses and reimbursement †¢Death relief scheme. 2.10 ACHIEVEMENTS/AWARD February 1, 2012: Bosch Limited wins Car Bike Award 2012 The accolades and awards keep rolling in for Bosch Limited. Once again, Bosch Limited was the proud winner of the Subros Car Bike Award 2012 in the â€Å"Best Automotive Component Manufacturer† category. Bosch Wins â€Å"Car Bike† Award 2011 Receiving yet another glory in its 125th Anniversary Year, Bosch Limited was conferred with the Car Bike India Award in Best Auto Component Manufacturer category. The Car Bike Award function was held at Mumbai on January 13, 2011. Bosch was adjudged the best among two other nominees, namely Delphi and Endurance. Jan. 07, 2010: NDTV Car Bike Award ‘Automotive technology of the year’ This accolade recognizes the contributions made by Bosch in India, for localizing ABS (Antilock Braking System) production. Bosch is the only automotive supplier to manufacture ABS in India for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. ABS is crucial to safety while driving, as it makes braking safer, by preventing the wheels from locking. April 15, 2009: DHL CNBC TV18 International Trade Award Bosch won this honor in the category of auto component industry, for doing  extremely well in exports through its low-cost solutions. The award recognizes the company’s commitment and innovations that address the needs of the Indian market, and keep Brand India alive. Feb. 20, 2009: NDTV Car Bike Award – ‘Auto component manufacturer of the year 2009’ Bosch was chosen as the best in the auto component industry of India for the year 2009. These awards are considered as benchmarks for auto excellence in India and widely trusted by consumers, manufacturers and auto experts alike. The award recognizes the best in the automobile industry of India. Jan. 7, 2009: UTVi Autocar Award Bosch and Mahindra Mahindra won the ‘Best Innovation of the Year’ UTVi Autocar Award. The award recognizes Bosch innovation start/stop system which contributes to fuel efficiency at a very reasonable cost. The Mahindra Bolero Micro Hybrid is the first vehicle in India to integrate this technology in their new car. June 21, 2008: Business Standard Award ‘Star MNC of the year’ Bosch was noted for its cutting edge technologies, especially for designing and delivering low cost high quality fuel injection system and for pioneering the common rail system in India. Jan. 10, 2008: NDTV Car Bike Award Car Technology of the year Bosch not only setup the common rail injector and pump manufacturing projects in record time, but also pioneered the new application of Common Rail in low cost car segment. This is a revolutionary leap achieved by Bosch in India, which is the pioneer of Common Rail technology in the rest of the world as well. Jan, 12, 2007: NDTV Profit Car Bike Award 2007 – ‘Automotive Technology of the year’ Audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers, these awards honored the best in the Indian automotive industry for their handiwork in calendar year 2006. Bosch was presented with the award for its application of ABS / ESP technology. Jan. 4, 2007: CNBC-TV18 Autocar Auto Award – ‘Auto Component manufacturer of the year’ Bosch Limited was chosen for the mark that it has made both in the domestic and international markets with its superior technology and products. These awards seek to reward exemplary performance in the industry in 2006 based on a comprehensive set of attributes including design, technology, value, product experience and so on. The selection process truly reflects the choices and sentiments of all stakeholders and justifies their stature as benchmarks in auto excellence. Aug. 17, 2006: Dun Bradstreet American Express Corporate Award -–‘Top Indian company in the Auto Components sector’ The award recognizes the twin virtues of size and growth in the organizations of corporate India, from a derived list of top 500 companies in the country. Bosch Limited was selected as the best amongst the top 10 auto component manufacturers in India. Aug. 10, 2006: EEPC Award – ‘Star Performer for outstanding export performance’ The Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC) conferred the ‘tar Performer’for outstanding export performance in the large enterprises category on Bosch Ltd, which garnered a total export figure of Rs 423 crores in 2005, almost twice as high as Rs 193 crores in 2001. Jan. 12, 2006: NDTV Profit Car India Award – ‘Safety Technology Award’ Bosch was presented with this award for its pioneering work on the new age direct injection diesel fueling systems, with notable emphasis in the range of common rail diesels. Also taken into account was the persistent focus on unit injector systems which are entering the scene in the high profile high aspiration D-segment cars. The jury considered not just the technology but its bearing on safety, and the benefits it brought to automotive users as well as the potential it has for India. Jan. 8, 2005: Overdrive–Auto Monitor Award – ‘Auto component manufacturer of the year’ Recognized for innovations in technology and the scale and size of manufacturing capabilities, the award also commemorated the customer satisfaction earned by Bosch over the years, performance, quality and diverse range of products. This Annual Award is the â€Å"Oscar† for the automobile industry in India and recognizes the â€Å"best† in the industry in association with reputed industry bodies like CII, SIAM ACMA. 2.11 WORK FLOW MODEL The work flow model of Bosch can be interpreted in two phases †¢Information flow †¢Material flow Bosch believes in the concept of â€Å"customer is king† this is depicted in the workflow model which starts with customer signifying the pull system of production (i.e. production against customer order). Sales and marketing department receives purchase order from the customer. RD division takes decision with respect to product design and specification. Engineering wing analyses the order and decides upon in house manufacturing or outsourcing. The next step is to procure the component and assembling the final product, or acquire raw materials and convert it into finished product. Finally dispatch the end product to logistics department, which is entrusted with the responsibility of transit of consignment to the ultimate consumer. 2.12 FUTURE GROWTH AND PROSPECTS The auto component industry appears to have a bright future with the existing manufacturing planning and capacity and in addition moreover new plants are being setup with foreign collaboration. The Indian auto component industry is highly fragmented with over 3000 players in organized sector and estimated 500 units in the small sector. Vocationally the industry has developed major vehicle manufacturing centers. Small and medium enterprise sector is keen on taking a number of technology investment initiatives in order to become self reliant and globally competitiveness according to a confederation of Indian Industry survey report on auto component. The survey reveals that Indian small scale enterprises manufacturing auto components are well equipped to produce components as per international standards. These SMEs have now started talking strategic positions in the international markets at both the original equipment manufacturers and the replacement supply. The last few months have seen a virtual boom in the Indian automobile industry with not only domestic component manufacturing shares but also the formidable biggies also entering India in such a manner that it is increasingly turning out to be a lucrative destination for many companies. The other growth plans are †¢Focus on strengthening or engineering competencies and infrastructure in new product lines. †¢Focus on securing liquidity position. †¢Cost reduction without hurting the long term interest of the business. †¢Import substitution projects. †¢Continuous improvement activities and implementing lean practices through Bosch Production System (BPS), continue with redesign of HR policies and practices to attract, retain and motivate employee. CHAPTER 3 MCKINSEYS’S 7S FRAMEWORK 3.1 STRATEGY Strategy is the systematic action allocation of resources to achieve company goals. A strategy is defined as â€Å"a coherent set of action aimed at gaining a sustainable advantage over competitors by improving the market position and effective allocation of resources vice versa. Hr Strategy It pays special attention to competence management and filling up of executive positions in growth regions, special entry programs to attract qualified university graduates and applicants with professional experience. Train and develop the younger generation of apprentices/ engineers who are the future skilled technicians and managers. Corporate Strategy Bosch economic strategy corresponds to a common aim of the group for innovation, independence and integrity. The aim is to be among the world market leaders and to be a major player in all of the company business sectors. The strategy to achieve this goal is by strong marketing of new products and ongoing investment in Research and Development to innovate continuously. The emphasis on innovation is underlined by huge number of associates, working in Research and Development departments, 21250 world wide. Efficient sales and customer service also play a key role in Bosch’s corporate strategy. Innovation Bosch shall focus their innovative strength on technology that is â€Å"INVENTED FOR LIFE.† Bosch has invested heavily in RD much above the industry average. This has resulted in Bosch pioneering many technological advances †¢Anti-locking braking systems †¢Electronic stability control †¢High pressure diesel injection †¢Parking assist systems 3.2 STRUCTURE The design of organization structure is a critical task to the top management of an organization. It is the selection of the whole organization edifice. Organization structure refers to the relatively more durable organizational arrangements and relationships. It prescribes the formal relationship, how an organizational member’s procedure exists. To guide the various activities performed by the member of all part of the organization. 3.3 SYSTEM System refers to formal process and procedures use to manage the organization including the management control system performance management measurement and reward system, information system and distribution. Human Resource The HR organization uses its human resources strategy to support the divisions in the pursuit of their objectives. This involves the consistent application of the balanced scorecard. This method is used by executives. The HR organization’s missions are based on the House of Orientation and contribute to closer alignment with the strategic objectives of the company. The â€Å"House of Orientation† provides a frame of reference for Bosch long term road map and for the way Bosch works together. It is based on Bosch values and core competencies. Environment Management Bosch has been expanding the environment management systems at Bosch sites since 1996. Now, the 300 sites have been certified to ISO 14001. Bosch implemented a maturity model for all manufacturing and developing sites, which will serve as the basis for further improvements in environmental protection, occupational safety and fire safety. Occupational Safety Management Bosch implemented a new occupational safety management system based on the globally recognized OHSAS 18001 standard. One of the systems main functions is to detest potential accident and health risks for associates in order to take appropriate preventive measures in good time. The new system is to be implemented at all manufacturing sites in no more than two years. This makes Bosch one of the forerunners in global implementation of the OHSAS 18001 standard. Bosch Production System (Bps) It was installed in 2002. It is a systematic production system in Bosch. In general it is called as Lean manufacturing. Just in Time (JIT) is one of the systems in Bosch production. In this the right parts produced at the right quantity should reach the assembly time at the right time. Approaches in Bosch Production System †¢The right part †¢In the right quantity †¢In the right quality †¢At the right cost †¢At the right time †¢At the right place Quick Response System (Qrs) System designed to respond quickly to any problem/issues in the production. Example – Every system has three machine indicators: Red (machine breakdown), Yellow (shortage of materials), and Green (process completed for that machine) 3.4 STYLE Style is the leadership approach in the top management and the company’s  overall operating approach. Style impacts the norms that the people follow and how they work and interact with each other and the customers. The leadership style depends upon the organization culture that is in practice. Bosch Ltd has participative kind of leadership style where in the leader consult with the subordinate, a proposed action, decision and encourages, ensures equal participation among them. The style adopted by the management is to maintain a friendly and collaborative environment for smooth running of the organization. Bosch Guidelines for Leadership 1. Aim for success: Profit, growth, quality, customer and process orientation. These are the key metrics with which our corporate objectives are aligned. Regularly communicate these objectives to your associates. Make it clear what each individual can contribute to achieve it. 2. Demonstrate initiative: Together with your associates, generate new ideas and strategies that make our company stronger. Encourage them to embrace change and take initiative on their own and support them in the implementation. 3. Demonstrate courage: Stand by your associates. Make clear decisions and demonstrate determination in implementing them. Be a role model and exemplify the Bosch values. 4. Keep your associates informed: Of course you give your associates factual information. They should also know the business context and background – they are an important prerequisite for identification with the company. 5. Lead by goals: Delegate tasks and give your associates the authority to perform them. Agree on clear goals and allow sufficient space so that creativity, self-confidence, and accountability can be developed. This enables you to lead your associates to success. 6. Give feedback to your associates: Recognize the strengths of your associates and help them to utilize and further develop them. Take a close look: praise your people where praise is due, but also give fair and constructive criticism. Mistakes happen on both sides. Be quick and open in addressing them with the associate. 7. Trust your associates: They are capable and willing to perform. Have the courage to manage with limited control. Your trust will create the entrepreneurial momentum that all of us want. 8. Shift your perspective: Put yourself in your associates position and also look at things from their point of view. How would you react to the decisions you have taken as their supervisor, and what rationale would you  expect to hear. 9. Shape the future together: Your associates can and do contribute to our company. Integrate them into the preparation of decisions and capitalize on the ideas and the potential that the cultural diversity of our company offers. Work together with your associates to transform mere interfaces into connection points, and barriers into opportunities. 10. Develop your associates: Advise and systematically support your associates in their professional development. Support them if there are suitable opportunities for, or if they desire, further development somewhere else in the company. 3.5 STAFF The staff at Bosch Ltd is considered as a pool of resources to be nurtured, developed, guarded and allocated. There are about 3650 employees in the organization. Permanent employees are 2550, temporary employees are 500, on job trainees are 600. Levels at Bosch Ltd MANAGEMENT AND SUPERINTENDENT STAFF †¢GM – General Manager †¢DGM – Deputy General Manager †¢Gr.1 – Senior Manager †¢Gr.2 – Manager †¢Gr.3 – Deputy Manager †¢Gr.4 – Assistant Manager †¢Gr.5 – Senior Engineer †¢Gr.6 – Officer †¢Gr.7 – Assistant Officer Managerial And Supervisory Staff (MSs) Managerial and Supervisory Staff refers to a salaried professional or an educated worker who performs semi-professional office, administrative and sales co-ordination task. They are board occupational grouping of workers engaged in non-manual labor. Blue Coloured Associates (Bca) A blue collared associate is a member of the working class who typically performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage. Blue collared associates  work may be skilled or unskilled and may involve manufacturing, mechanical work, maintenance repair and operations maintenance of technical installations. 3.6 SKILLS There are 6 different skill groups within the skills framework. Community leadership skills, leadership skills, management skills, occupational/technical/ professional skills, core skills, skills for life. The other skills groups are †¢GENERIC SKILLS are those which should be possessed by each and every employee in order to carry out the task successfully. Skills like problem solving, decision making and communication form the basic important generic skills. †¢SPECIFIC SKILLS are those which should be possessed by the employee to carry out his/her assigned specific task. Example: Time management, shop floor management, building teams, leadership and motivation, creativity, industrial safety and environment. BOSCH SKILLS The employees according to the nature of the jobs posses following skills †¢Functional †¢Quality †¢Information Technologies †¢Behavioural/ Human Relations Managerial 3.7 SHARED VALUES – BOSCH VALUES Bosch Values are those values which are applied and followed by all Executives faithfully. †¢Future and result focus: In order to ensure dynamic development of our country and to guarantee long term corporate success, we participate in shaping the changes in markets and technologies. †¢Responsibility We accept that our actions must accord with interests of society. †¢Initiative and determination We act on our own initiative, with an entrepreneurial but accountable spirit, and demonstrate determination in pursuing our goals. †¢Openness and Trust We inform our associates, business partners and investors in a timely and open fashion of important development within our company. †¢Fairness We view mutual fairness as a condition of our corporate success when dealing with each other and with or  business partners. †¢Reliability, credibility, and legality We promise only what we can deliver accept agreements as binding and respect and observe the law in all our business transactions. †¢Cultural diversity We are aware of our company’s regional and cultural origins and at the same time regard diversity as an asset as well as a precondition of or global success. CHAPTER 4 SWOT ANALYSIS 4.1 STRENGTHS †¢High customer satisfaction. †¢Established brand image around the world over the centuries. †¢Continuous improvement of products and quality. †¢Employee development given at most important. †¢Cost reduction strategy is good. †¢Good infrastructure facility. †¢Leadership through innovation. †¢High employee morale. †¢Effective decision making, information sharing and authority distribution. †¢Less employee turnover. †¢High quality and eco-friendly products. 4.2 WEAKNESS †¢Experience and skilled employees are not in right position because of ineffective allocation. †¢Decision making will be delayed because of long procedure. †¢In certain situations centralized management is followed. †¢Marketing of products is given less importance. †¢Adaptability towards change is low. †¢No diversification of business. 4.3 OPPORTUNITIES †¢Continuous innovation of products. †¢Bosch can foray into other line of business as it has a good brand image. †¢It can produce new machineries using high technology. †¢Potential to grow in power tools, packaging and security systems. †¢It can produce more economical and eco-friendly products. †¢It helps to compete with other companies †¢Quick cost effective adaptation of product to market requirement of Indian market. 4.4 THREATS †¢Increase in competition. †¢Too many substitute products available in the market. †¢Brand image being diluted due to entering into many products. †¢Growing bargaining power of companies. †¢Continuous cost pressure. 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Inequalities in Health Care Essay

Inequalities in Health Care Essay The conditions in which people live have a profound influence on their health. Difference in health between individuals and population groups exist in all societies. For example younger age population generally have good health compared to elder population. This kind of health difference cannot be concluded as health inequality because it is natural. So the question is that when the difference in health becomes inequality? According to Graham the difference in health between population groups becomes inequality when it is linked to the inequalities in their position in society (2007: 99). World Health Organisation appointed Committee for the Social Determinates of Health (CSDH) also hold similar view as not all health inequalities are unjust or inequitable. If good health were simply unattainable, this would be unfortunate but not unjust. Where inequalities in health are avoidable, yet are not avoided, they are inequitable (2008: 14). So the differences in health between groups havin g unequal position in society become an ethical issue. Evidences of the existence of health inequality are abundant. If we consider life expectancy as an indicator, resent evidences show that there exist significant differences in health between world regions (see Appendix 1). Life expectancy at birth varies between 78.8 years in the higher income OECD countries to 46.1 years in Sub Saharan Africa. Life expectancy improvement over the period 1970-75 to 2000-05 shows that life expectancy has increased all regions in the world except the former Soviet Union countries. It can observe that the increase was not similar in all regions. Life expectancy increased almost 10 years in developing regions over that period while in Sub Saharan Africa the increase was only about 1 year. Inequalities in health not only exist between countries or regions. Even within the country health inequalities exist. A study in the Scottish city of Glasgow found that life expectancy of men in one of the most deprived area was 54 years while that most affluent area was 82 years (Hanlon, Walsh Whyte 2006, cited in CSDH 2008). Men with the lowest life expectancy in the United States of America in 1997 2001 had lower life expectancy than that of Pakistan average in 1995 2000 (CSDH 2008). Studies show that socio-economic status affects health. Differences in life expectancy at birth by social class in England and Wales from 1972 to 2005 shows that it has improved for all classes during the period 1972 -2005 (both males and females). Surprisingly the same difference in life expectancy existed in 1972 between social class was found existed still in 2005 (see Appendix 2 and 3). Even in health behaviour difference exist between socio-economic classes. Percentage males and females smoke in England and Wales during 2001-07 period shows that smoking rate is comparatively higher among lower occupational classes (see Appendix 4). Whitehall II study which investigates the health of British civil servants between the age 20 and 64 found that mortality rate is high among low occupational classes (see Appendix 5). How material conditions affect health? The Black Report published in 1980 by the expert committee into health inequality chaired by Sir Douglas Black was the first attempt to examine the relationship between economic inequality and health inequality. The main responsibilities of the committee were to bring together available information about the difference is health status among the social classes, examine the contributing factors, and to analyse the collected information for casual relationships. The committee found that there was strong relation between social class and mortality-morbidity rates. It also found that people in lower class experience worse health and working class population underutilise NHS (Morall, 2001). The committee examined four possible explanations for the inequality. The artefact explanation suggests that the class inequality in health do not really exist. They only appear to exist because of the way class is constructed. The social selection explanation argues that people who experience bad health tend to find difficult to get good job. There for they either move into or remain in lower class occupations. This means, people are in lower social class because of their poor health, rather than their class causing poor health. The behavioural/cultural explanation suggests that ill-health is due to not following a healthy life style. Lower class people are unhealthy because they smoke and drink too much, eat wrong kind of food and do not exercise. Finally the structural/material explanation view the material situation in which people live is the most important factor that determine health (Kirby, 2000). Based on the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion number of models of the determinants of health has been developed. The model by Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991) is particularly important. This model identified that individual characteristics of age, sex and genetic makeup are core determinant of health. Other influences are represented by concentric layers each of which interfaces with the other factors. They suggest that the inner circle represented by the fixed characteristics of the individual cannot be modified but outer circles can be influenced by behavioural or other life changes (see Appendix 6). There are many theories that try to explain health inequality. Behavioural and cultural explanations suggest that individual behavioural choices are responsible for health outcome. The lower the income status, the person is more likely to engage in less health promoting form of behaviour. It is also found that those with more years of schooling, and with more qualification, are found to have healthier diets, to smoke less and do more exercise (Bartley 2004). The psycho-social model argues that the health difference between people in more and less advantaged social positions cannot be explained purely by material factors (Marmot 1989). Psycho-social model focus on how feeling that arises because of inequality, domination, or subordination may directly affect biological process by altering body chemistry. This model argues that availability of social support, control and autonomy at work, the balance between home and work, the balance between efforts and rewards etc. can affect health (Bartley 2004). The materialist framework sees the objective living conditions people living in explain relation between poverty and health. Material condition of life associated with poverty lead to greater likelihood of physical problems, developmental problems, educational problems and social problems (Blane et al. 1998). Neo-materialist model explains the relationship between population health and income inequality. It looks beyond individual level and gives more attention to whole societies and how they differ. It is argued that absolute income is not the determinant rather its distribution is the matter (Wilkinson 1996; Wilkinson and Pickett 2009). Basic premise of life course approach is that persons past social experiences affect the physiology and pathology of their body. So this model argues that health in later adult life may be a result of complex combinations of circumstances taking place over time and the cumulative effects of circumstances can affect the health negatively in future (Davy Smith et al. 2002). The major purpose of the life course researchers is to see whether the difference in health between people in different groups is due to past adverse life circumstances (Bartley 2004)